GNU make 手册

原文地址: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/index.html

本文档介绍了GNU make工具，该工具能自动确定大型程序中哪些部分需要重新编译，并发出重新编译它们的命令。

这是2023年2月26日最后更新的0.77版《GNU Make手册》，适用于GNU make 4.4.1版本。

允许在GNU自由文档许可证（版本1.3或自由软件基金会发布的任何更新版本）的条款下复制、分发和/或修改本文档；无不可变章节，封面文字为“A GNU Manual”，封底文字如下文（a）项所述。本许可证的副本包含在标题为“GNU Free Documentation License”的章节中。

(a) 自由软件基金会（FSF）的封底文字为：“您拥有复制和修改本GNU手册的自由。从自由软件基金会购买副本，将支持其开发GNU并促进软件自由。”

1 make 概述
- 1.1 如何阅读本手册
- 1.2 问题与程序缺陷
2 Makefile简介
- 2.1 规则是什么样子的
- 2.2 一个简单的 Makefile
- 2.3 make如何处理一个Makefile文件
- 2.4 变量让Makefile更简单
- 2.5 让make推导配方
- 2.6 Makefile的另一种风格
- 2.7 清理目录的规则
3 编写Makefile文件
- 3.1 What Makefiles Contain
  - 3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines
- 3.2 What Name to Give Your Makefile
- 3.3 Including Other Makefiles
- 3.4 The Variable MAKEFILES
- 3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade
- 3.6 Overriding Part of Another Makefile
- 3.7 How make Reads a Makefile
- 3.8 How Makefiles Are Parsed
- 3.9 Secondary Expansion
4 编写规则
- 4.1 Rule Example
- 4.2 Rule Syntax
- 4.3 Types of Prerequisites
- 4.4 Using Wildcard Characters in File Names
  - 4.4.1 Wildcard Examples
  - 4.4.2 Pitfalls of Using Wildcards
  - 4.4.3 The Function wildcard
- 4.5 Searching Directories for Prerequisites
  - 4.5.1 VPATH: Search Path for All Prerequisites
  - 4.5.2 The vpath Directive
  - 4.5.3 How Directory Searches are Performed
  - 4.5.4 Writing Recipes with Directory Search
  - 4.5.5 Directory Search and Implicit Rules
  - 4.5.6 Directory Search for Link Libraries
- 4.6 Phony Targets
- 4.7 Rules without Recipes or Prerequisites
- 4.8 Empty Target Files to Record Events
- 4.9 Special Built-in Target Names
- 4.10 Multiple Targets in a Rule
- 4.11 Multiple Rules for One Target
- 4.12 Static Pattern Rules
  - 4.12.1 Syntax of Static Pattern Rules
  - 4.12.2 Static Pattern Rules versus Implicit Rules
- 4.13 Double-Colon Rules
- 4.14 Generating Prerequisites Automatically
5 Writing Recipes in Rules
- 5.1 Recipe Syntax
  - 5.1.1 Splitting Recipe Lines
  - 5.1.2 Using Variables in Recipes
- 5.2 Recipe Echoing
- 5.3 Recipe Execution
- 5.3.1 Using One Shell
- 5.3.2 Choosing the Shell
- 5.4 Parallel Execution
  - 5.4.1 Disabling Parallel Execution
  - 5.4.2 Output During Parallel Execution
  - 5.4.3 Input During Parallel Execution
- 5.5 Errors in Recipes
- 5.6 Interrupting or Killing make
- 5.7 Recursive Use of make
  - 5.7.1 How the MAKE Variable Works
  - 5.7.2 Communicating Variables to a Sub-make
  - 5.7.3 Communicating Options to a Sub-make
  - 5.7.4 The ‘–print-directory’ Option
- 5.8 Defining Canned Recipes
- 5.9 Using Empty Recipes
6 How to Use Variables
- 6.1 Basics of Variable References
- 6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables
  - 6.2.1 Recursively Expanded Variable Assignment
  - 6.2.2 Simply Expanded Variable Assignment
  - 6.2.3 Immediately Expanded Variable Assignment
  - 6.2.4 Conditional Variable Assignment
- 6.3 Advanced Features for Reference to Variables
  - 6.3.1 Substitution References
  - 6.3.2 Computed Variable Names
- 6.4 How Variables Get Their Values
- 6.5 Setting Variables
- 6.6 Appending More Text to Variables
- 6.7 The override Directive
- 6.8 Defining Multi-Line Variables
- 6.9 Undefining Variables
- 6.10 Variables from the Environment
- 6.11 Target-specific Variable Values
- 6.12 Pattern-specific Variable Values
- 6.13 Suppressing Inheritance
- 6.14 Other Special Variables
7 Conditional Parts of Makefiles
- 7.1 Example of a Conditional
- 7.2 Syntax of Conditionals
- 7.3 Conditionals that Test Flags
8 Functions for Transforming Text
- 8.1 Function Call Syntax
- 8.2 Functions for String Substitution and Analysis
- 8.3 Functions for File Names
- 8.4 Functions for Conditionals
- 8.5 The let Function
- 8.6 The foreach Function
- 8.7 The file Function
- 8.8 The call Function
- 8.9 The value Function
- 8.10 The eval Function
- 8.11 The origin Function
- 8.12 The flavor Function
- 8.13 Functions That Control Make
- 8.14 The shell Function
- 8.15 The guile Function
9 How to Run make
- 9.1 Arguments to Specify the Makefile
- 9.2 Arguments to Specify the Goals
- 9.3 Instead of Executing Recipes
- 9.4 Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files
- 9.5 Overriding Variables
- 9.6 Testing the Compilation of a Program
- 9.7 Temporary Files
- 9.8 Summary of Options
10 Using Implicit Rules
- 10.1 Using Implicit Rules
- 10.2 Catalogue of Built-In Rules
- 10.3 Variables Used by Implicit Rules
- 10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules
- 10.5 Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules
  - 10.5.1 Introduction to Pattern Rules
  - 10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples
  - 10.5.3 Automatic Variables
  - 10.5.4 How Patterns Match
  - 10.5.5 Match-Anything Pattern Rules
  - 10.5.6 Canceling Implicit Rules
- 10.6 Defining Last-Resort Default Rules
- 10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules
- 10.8 Implicit Rule Search Algorithm
11 Using make to Update Archive Files
- 11.1 Archive Members as Targets
- 11.2 Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets
  - 11.2.1 Updating Archive Symbol Directories
- 11.3 Dangers When Using Archives
- 11.4 Suffix Rules for Archive Files
12 Extending GNU make
- 12.1 GNU Guile Integration
  - 12.1.1 Conversion of Guile Types
  - 12.1.2 Interfaces from Guile to make
  - 12.1.3 Example Using Guile in make
- 12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects
  - 12.2.1 The load Directive
  - 12.2.2 How Loaded Objects Are Remade
  - 12.2.3 Loaded Object Interface
  - 12.2.4 Example Loaded Object
13 Integrating GNU make
- 13.1 Sharing Job Slots with GNU make
  - 13.1.1 POSIX Jobserver Interaction
  - 13.1.2 Windows Jobserver Interaction
- 13.2 Synchronized Terminal Output
14 GNU make的特性
15 Incompatibilities and Missing Features
16 Makefile Conventions
- 16.1 General Conventions for Makefiles
- 16.2 Utilities in Makefiles
- 16.3 Variables for Specifying Commands
- 16.4 DESTDIR: Support for Staged Installs
- 16.5 Variables for Installation Directories
- 16.6 Standard Targets for Users
- 16.7 Install Command Categories
附录A 快速参考
Appendix B Errors Generated by Make
附录C 复杂的Makefile示例
Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License
Index of Concepts
Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives